Zhaoguang Hu, Xinyanh Han, & Quan Wern, Integrated Resource Strategic Planning and Power Demand-Side Management

Abstract. The edited volume presents an engaging cartography of Indian economy following two decades of liberalization on the backdrop of globalization and problem of sustainability - two defining moments of post-reforms reorganization of the economy. A wide variety of sector-specific and economy-wide studies in the collection, examine the central tenets of market-centric reforms representing globalization. The research works dealing with micro- and macro-aspects of development help us form an idea of important issues, emerging debates, dominant institutions and changes required for attainment/restoration of efficiency. Most of these writings indicate the limitations of current developmental logic in their specific settings. These studies also propose measures to tackle the problems faced while presuming growth-sustainability disconnect to be temporary in nature. A number of studies introduced new analytical categories and empirical frameworks to capture current reality in better and more meaningful ways. A third strand of writings portrays conflict between the project of globalization and issue of sustainability as a distinguishing characteristic of global capitalism although the present policy framework accord highest priority to capitalist expansion. This conflict however, has put the Indian state in a perpetual act of balancing the growth objective of global capital and welfare objective meant for those experiencing exclusion in the development process..Keywords. Low-carbon electricity, Demand side management, Integrated resource strategic planning, Efficiency power plant, Renewable energy, Ddemand response, Sustainable development, CO2 emissions in China.JEL. P28, Q01, Q20, Q28, Q30, Q40, Q50

Landslides Caused by Climate Change and Groundwater Movement in Permafrost Mountain

Climate change induced warming results in permafrost degradation. Melting permafrost subsequently leads to an increased incidence of landslides. The study area was within the northwest section of the Lesser Khingan Range in northern China along the Bei\u27an-Heihe Highway. We analyzed the impact of climate change on landslide movement in the permafrost zone via a combination of geological survey and meteorological data. The average annual temperature of the study area has increased by 3.2°C in last 60 years, and permafrost degradation is severe. Loose soil on the hillside surface provides appropriate conditions for the infiltration of atmospheric precipitation and snowmelt, and seepage from thawing permafrost. As it infiltrates downwards, water is blocked by the underlying permafrost or dense soil, and infiltrates along this barrier layer toward lower positions, forming a potential sliding zone. The combination of high density resistivity (HDR) methods based on soil resistivity values, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) methods based on characteristics of radar wave reflection, respectively, and geological drilling can be utilized to determine the regional stratigraphic distribution. This will allow the exact location of the landslide sliding surface to be precisely determined. Field test results indicate that radar reflectivity characteristics and the resistivity values of the soil in the landslide mass is significantly different from surrounding soil. There are sudden decreases in the apparent resistivity values at the sliding surface location. In addition, the radar exhibits strong reflection at the sliding surface position, with a sudden increase in the amplitude of the radar wave. Drilling results indicate that the soil has high water content at the location of the sliding surface of the landslide mass in the study area, which is entirely consistent with the GPR and HDR results. Thus, abnormal radar wave reflection and abrupt changes in apparent resistivity values can be used in practice to identify the location of landslide sliding surfaces in this region. We produce a detailed analysis of a representative landslide within the study area. Displacement monitoring locations were positioned at the trailing edge of the landslide mass and on the landslide mass surface. We then used this data to determine the relationships of landslide movement with both ground temperature and the trailing edge pore water pressure. The results suggest seasonal variation in the landslide movement process and characteristics of an annual cyclical trend. Landslide movement can be described by intermittence and low angles. The slip rate and the timing of slide occurrence exhibit relationships with the trailing edge pore water pressure of the landslide mass. The seepage of thaw water into the landslide mass will impact the trailing edge pore water pressure of the landslide mass. This phenomenon is identified as the primary cause of landslide movement

Resistivity Model of Frozen Soil and High‐Density Resistivity Method for Exploration Discontinuous Permafrost

In permafrost‐degraded areas, “islands” of permafrost can be buried in the unfrozen soil. When permafrost is arranged in this discontinuous pattern, it is more difficult to analyze from an engineering or geological perspective. The degree of resistivity of unfrozen soil is determined by the dry density, temperature, moisture content, and pore water resistivity of the soil, as well as by the mineral composition, size, and cementing state of the soil particles. Part of the water in the soil pores experiences a phase change as the soil freezes, so permafrost has different resistivity than unfrozen soil. In this chapter, we explore the conduction characteristics of permafrost. First, we established a theoretical model to analyze the factors affecting the resistivity of permafrost. Next, we used an experimental study to analyze how unfrozen water content, initial moisture content, soil temperature, and dry density influence the resistivity of frozen soil. These experimental study results served to validate the rationality of the model of permafrost resistivity. To analyze differences in conductivity between underground media, we used a high‐density resistivity (HDR) method, which infers the storage of underground geologic bodies with different resistivity based on the distribution of a conduction current under the electric field action. In this chapter, the WGMD‐9 super HDR measurement system produced by the Chongqing Benteng Numerical Control Technique Research Institute was used to obtain the resistivity profile. The study region was the road area from Bei’an Expressway to Heihe Expressway in the permafrost degeneration area in Northeast China. A permafrost profile map was drawn based on data from engineering drilling and an analysis of factors that influence permafrost resistivity. The reliability of the permafrost profile map was verified by an analysis of temperature data taken at measured points at different depths of the soil profile

Credibility theory-based available transfer capability assessment

Since the development of large scale power grid interconnections and power markets, research on available transfer capability (ATC) has attracted great attention. The challenges for accurate assessment of ATC originate from the numerous uncertainties in electricity generation, transmission, distribution and utilization sectors. Power system uncertainties can be mainly described as two types: randomness and fuzziness. However, the traditional transmission reliability margin (TRM) approach only considers randomness. Based on credibility theory, this paper firstly built models of generators, transmission lines and loads according to their features of both randomness and fuzziness. Then a random fuzzy simulation is applied, along with a novel method proposed for ATC assessment, in which both randomness and fuzziness are considered. The bootstrap method and multi-core parallel computing technique are introduced to enhance the processing speed. By implementing simulation for the IEEE-30-bus system and a real-life system located in Northwest China, the viability of the models and the proposed method is verified

The elicitor VP2 from Verticillium dahliae triggers defence response in cotton

Summary: Verticillium dahliae is a widespread and destructive soilborne vascular pathogenic fungus that causes serious diseases in dicot plants. Here, comparative transcriptome analysis showed that the number of genes upregulated in defoliating pathotype V991 was significantly higher than in the non‐defoliating pathotype 1cd3‐2 during the early response of cotton. Combined with analysis of the secretome during the V991–cotton interaction, an elicitor VP2 was identified, which was highly upregulated at the early stage of V991 invasion, but was barely expressed during the 1cd3‐2‐cotton interaction. Full‐length VP2 could induce cell death in several plant species, and which was dependent on NbBAK1 but not on NbSOBIR1 in N. benthamiana. Knock‐out of VP2 attenuated the pathogenicity of V991. Furthermore, overexpression of VP2 in cotton enhanced resistance to V. dahliae without causing abnormal plant growth and development. Several genes involved in JA, SA and lignin synthesis were significantly upregulated in VP2‐overexpressing cotton. The contents of JA, SA, and lignin were also significantly higher than in the wild‐type control. In summary, the identified elicitor VP2, recognized by the receptor in the plant membrane, triggers the cotton immune response and enhances disease resistance

Mechanism of Permafrost Landslide Based on GPS and Resistivity Surveying

The Tenth International Symposium on Mitigation of Geo-disasters in Asia Matsue Symposium Place: Shimane Civil Center, Matsue Date: 8 October 2012The formation and development of landslide at K178 + 530 section of Bei'an-Heihe expressway was mainly affected by armchair shape topography of the slope, hydrologic and climatic conditions, frost-heave cycles, and geotechnical engineering activities for highway construction. The study employed data obtained from portable global positioning system (GPS) equipment and high-resolution resistivity profiling to characterize landslide mass dynamic characteristics, stratigraphic log profile of the landslide and analyze the motion mechanism of the landslide in K178 + 530 section of Bei'an-Heihe expressway. Lithologic and geological information were obtained from four monitoring wells drilled along the slope. About 40 GPS gauge piles were placed at different positions on the sliding mass on September 13, 2010, to accurately determine the time, direction and rate of movement at different locations and analyze the role of freezing, thawing and rainfall on the sliding mass. The field monitoring campaign lasted for more than 1 year. Between June, and September 2010, we carried out a high-resolution resistivity investigation to obtain resistivity profile logs of the slope. The results show that the landslide material resistivity profile logs show a significant difference before and after the sliding. Result shows that before the movement of the slope, data obtained from resistivity log shows a uniform signature, while after or during sliding, the resistivity signature changed. The change was due to the development of a slip surface within the landslide mass

Low carbon electricity development in China--An IRSP perspective based on Super Smart Grid

Low carbon electricity is essential for China's low carbon development. In the paper low carbon electricity is defined as an economy body manages to realize its potential economic growth fueled by less electricity consumption, which can be characterized by indexes of GDP electricity intensity and CO2 emissions per unit electricity generation. IRSP is proposed by Hu [11] to implement power planning on state level in deregulated power sector and is used in the paper to study China's power planning into 2030. A business-as-usual scenario is projected as baseline for comparison while low carbon electricity development based on IRSP is studied. Results show that, with IRSP, China could save energy by 1.5 billion toes and reduce CO2 emission by 5.7 billion tons, during 2010-2030. Super Smart Grid (SSG) must be constructed as the physical foundation of IRSP. The main components of developing SSG in China are discussed.Low carbon electricity Integrated resource strategic planning Super Smart Grid China

Cut Layer Rocky Landslide Development Mechanism in Lesser Khingan Mountain

The Tenth International Symposium on Mitigation of Geo-disasters in Asia. Kyoto Symposium. Place: Uji Campus, Kyoto University. Date: 7 October 2012Bei'an to Heihe expressway utilizes the original second-class highway to widen and expand for expressway, restricted by the original location of old road, widen subgrade of some sections locate in tailing edge of the landslides, influenced by the landform, geological condition, climate and anthropogenic factors, are in unstable states, bring great difficulties to widening and expanding implementation. In process of landslide researching, firstly identify the space form of landslide, analyze the formation mechanism of landslide, evaluate the stability condition and the development tendency of landslide, and then determine the prevention and treatment measures. Took the Bei'an to Heihe expressway cut layer rocky landslide as the research object, employed the geological survey, topographic mapping, geological drilling, indoor test, numerical simulation, field monitoring and theoretical analysis methods to carry an integrated study on the development mechanism and damage mode of the landslide. Through systematic study, drew the conclusions that: the rupture surface is located in completely weathered mudstone; during surveying, the landslide is temporarily in steady state, when the water content continues to increase to 34.7 %, the landslide will reach the state of limit equilibrium; atmospheric precipitation, the island permafrost which scattered in the mountain valley melting water, snowmelt water and seasonally frozen soil thawing water provide a continued water source for landslide, surface water and ground water supply the Cretaceous pore water by infiltration and lateral runoff through surface thermal shrinkage cracks and shallow high permeability rock and soil, low permeability mudstone under the loose overburden forms aquiclude, completely weathered mudstone above the aquiclude which is influenced by the Cretaceous pore water to be soften forms rupture surface; due to the permafrost distribution discontinuities and geological conditions difference, the landslide has gradual, low angle, creeping characteristics